挥发性有机污染物及恶臭生物处理技术综述

工业生产、污水及垃圾处理等过程产生的挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)和恶臭物质逸散到空气中会对环境和人体健康产生危害。利用生物技术处理大流量、低浓度VOCs和恶臭物质具有处理效果好、投资及运行费用低、无二次污染的优点。阐述了生物滤池、生物洗涤塔和生物滴滤池等常规生物处理技术,以及真菌生物反应器、膜生物反应器、生物转鼓过滤器、生物物化组合反应器等新型生物处理技术的特性、适用范围、应用现状及研究进展,并对废气生物处理技术的前景进行了展望。     

饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术研究进展

依据新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》对饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术进行了具体的论述,介绍了替代消毒剂、前体物去除和副产物去除等控制技术的应用效果和局限性,分析了安全高效的多级屏障组合消毒工艺在控制消毒副产物中的应用前景。     

Indian dye yielding plants: Efforts and opportunities

The present review article deals with the information on the dye‐yielding plants of India. Dyes are intensively coloured compounds that are applied to a substrate such as fibre, paper, cosmetics, hair, etc. to give colours and can be extracted from the roots, fruits/berries, bark, leaves, flowers, and stem/wood, fungi, and lichens by various processes of extractions. In addition to their dye‐yielding characteristics, many of these plants possess medicinal values and can be used for multiple other purposes. Plant derived‐colours have an important role in human life because of their safe and eco‐friendly nature. But due to the availability of economically cheaper synthetic dyes, the indigenous knowledge of extraction, processing, and proper utilisation has been diminished. Nowadays, the demand for natural dyes has been increased worldwide due to awareness about their beneficial properties. It has been essential that proper documentation and measure of conservation should be undertaken to preserve these natural dye‐yielding plants. This review article is an aid to a collective inquiry into Indian dye plants.     

生物法脱氮新技术及研究进展

生物法脱氮技术一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点。本文对几种近年来新研究的生物法脱氮工艺和理论基础做了简要介绍和分析,并评述了它们的研究进展和发展方向,为污水生物脱氮技术更深入的研究提供了借鉴。     

Restoration of hyper-eutrophic water with a modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed

A modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed (CSPB) which can be used to restore the eutrophic water is introduced in this paper. This plant bed helps hydrophyte grow under poor conditions such as frequently changed water depth, impaired water transparency, algae bloom and substantial duckweed in summer, which are not naturally suitable for growing hydrophyte. This pilot study in Waihuan River of Tianjin, China, revealed that reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) by the use of CSPB could be reached 30%–35%, 35%–40%, 30%–40% respectively in the growing season (from March to October) and 5%–10%, 5%–15%, 7%–20% respectively in the winter (from November to February) when the detention time was 6 d. The relationships between the concentration of COD, TN, TP and the detention time fit the first-order kinetic equation well and the coefficients of determination (R²) were all above 0.9. The attenuation coefficients k of the kinetic equation were a function of the water temperature. When the water temperature was quite low or quite high, k was not significantly changed with increasing or decreasing water temperature. While when the temperature was in a moderate range, an increase or decrease of water temperature would lead to a rapid increase or decrease in k.     

土壤连续属性空间插值方法及其精度的研究进展

作为土壤变化的时空定量监测方法,土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度是计量土壤学和"数字土壤"领域的重要研究内容。文章首先介绍了土壤属性空间插值的常用方法,包括克立格插值法(Kriging)、反距离权重法(IDW)、样条插值法(Spline)、贝叶斯最大熵(BME)、地理加权回归(GWR)以及高精度曲面建模方法(HASM);其次阐述了土壤属性空间插值精度验证的方法和指标;再次总结了能够提高土壤属性插值精度的6种途径,包括合理选择插值方法、准确设定插值方法参数、合理设计采样数目和密度、注意空间自相关程度和范围的影响、科学安排实验分析顺序以及结合辅助信息进行插值;最后从插值方法的选择、验证指标的选取以及辅助信息的结合三个方面指出了土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度的未来研究方向。     

工业VOCs气体处理技术应用状况调查分析

在调研大量工业VOCs气体处理工程案例的基础上,分析了不同工业VOCs气体处理技术的应用状况,包括不同处理技术在国内外的市场占有率、处理气体流量、VOCs浓度、VOCs种类以及所应用的行业等.结果表明,催化氧化、吸附、生物法是应用较多的VOCs处理技术.冷凝、膜分离和吸附工艺多用于处理浓度大于10000mg/m3的VOCs气体,并可回收VOCs;催化燃烧、热力燃烧工艺多用于处理浓度2000~10000 mg/m3且不具回收价值的VOCs气体;生物处理、等离子体多用于处理浓度低于2000mg/m3的VOCs气体.在进行VOCs处理技术选择时,应综合考虑VOCs气体特性(VOCs浓度、流量、温湿度、颗粒物含量)、VOCs处理技术的技术经济性能、排放标准等因素.     

影像纹理窗口大小对山地阔叶林不同群落有效叶面积指数估测的影响

森林叶面积指数是陆地表面过程和地球系统气候模型的基本参数,更是森林结构的关键参数之一,已广泛应用于辐射、植物光合作用和降雨截流估测等方面。论文以川西南山地阔叶林5种不同群落类型为研究对象,基于地面调查的112个20 m×20 m样地和SPOT 5数据,运用5种图像处理技术,包括光谱反射率、植被指数、影像单波段纹理、简单波段比纹理和主成分纹理,提取相应影像信息,建立多元回归模型估算有效叶面积指数（LAIe）。结果表明：光谱反射率、单波段纹理参数和植被指数对LAIe估测能力相对较低,利用植被指数仅获得实测LAIe约65%的精度（R²=0.65,RMSE=0.28 m²/m²）;更为有效的是运用所有比值处理的纹理特征参数值来估测LAIe,可获得实测LAIe约74%的变异（R² =0.74,RMSE=0.20 m²/m²）;改进最理想的是利用主成分处理建立的回归模型（R²=0.85,RMSE=0.10 m²/m²）。不同群落的LAIe估测,整体上相应地优于研究区结果,其中栲群落决定系数R²更是高达0.89（RMSE=0.07 m²/m²）。对于研究区阔叶林以窗口7×7、9×9比较成功,而各群落以窗口9×9较好。因此比值处理、主成分处理的纹理特征参数引入及高空间分辨率数据的使用,能显著提高LAIe估测精度。     

Handling Techniques: The Influence of Weight and Height for Experts and Novices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the weight of the load (12 kg, 22 kg) and of the height of the grasp (high: 126 cm; middle: 64 cm and 95 cm; low: 33 cm) on the handling techniques adopted by six experienced handlers and six novices having only limited handling experience during a free box-handling task. Each subject had to transfer two sets of 16 boxes from a platform to a four-wheel cart. The observations dealt with the position of the subject at the beginning of transfer and at deposit (position of the back, knees and feet, pelvic orientation, position of the hands), his way of moving during the transfer (position of the feet), and his way of positioning and moving the box during handling (tilt of the box, impulse given to the box, grip change). The results show that the weight and the height of grasp/deposit had an influence on the techniques adopted by expert handlers and novices. Some of these variations are common to both groups but many of them are not, such as the position of the knees, the grips and the position of the box. This study suggests that there is not one method that is suitable for all situations, and that expert handlers may have learned how to adjust their methods to the working environment. A better understanding of the experts’ techniques could help in redesigning efficient training programs.     

联用技术在砷形态分析中的研究进展

摘要：目前用于元素砷的形态分析技术主要是色谱与原子光谱、质谱等的联用,最常用的是HPLC与ICP—OES、ICP—MS的联用,方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,但是不能提供砷化合物的分子结构信息。因此以色谱一电喷雾质谱（ESI—MS）的联用作为定性分析的主要手段,但是ESI—MS灵敏度低,易受基体干扰,因此需要复杂的前处理技术。